Providing and withholding information

providing and withholding information is when you try make the narrative more dramatic by giving the audience more information or taking away information. a great example of the two is in 2 drams , one is murder she wrote in which at the start of ever show you see someone being killed or someone planning to kill someone and the dramatic question is will Jessica find out who did in .it also gives a dramatic irony because the audience knows who did it. the other show which does the opposite is diagnosis murder , in this show it doesn't show you who killed the person rather it just shows you the person dead and you have to find out along with the characters who did. they are both crime programs but the fact one provided you information creates a different emotion from the audience as it creates frustration because you know what happened. in contrast the other show withholding it keeps the audience on the edge of there seat.

Editing to rhythm

Editing to rhythm is when the length of time of a shot is manipulated. Most of the time the length of a shot can determine what effect it has and what mood it gives out. For example of you had a fast rhythm of shorter-length shots this would heighten the tension or action

as you see in this clip the fact that they used short shots ment you at the edge of your seat and you want to know whats going on.

on the other hand if you irregular rhythm as you can see in this starting sequence from pineapple express

it can create an uncertainty as the audience don't understand if the film is sinister or not.

Cutting to soundtrack

Editing to soundtrack is when the pace of the cuts are motivated by how fast the song is . what i mean by that is an editor when editing with soundtrack will let the sound be he guide .
a good example of this is a music video .



as you see this music video is fast because the soundtrack has a fast drum beat so the editor is using the drum beat as a guide for him so he knows how long to have each shot before the next.

Point of view shot

A pov shot is made from a camera position close to the line of sight of the character so it shows what the character is looking at.

as you see with this clip the pov shots are done as if the camera is the person , this technique is good because it makes you feel like you are apart of the film as if your in the possession of the character which means the audience identify with the character.A POV shot doesn’t have to be a strict point-of-view of a single character like the clip above ,sometimes they use a shot over the shoulder of the character

if you have a look 11 seconds in you see the character pushed to the wall and you can see the side of the head of the person who pushed him. this over the shoulder pov shot makes you feel your in the scene. unlike the first pov shot it doesn't put you in the possession of the character but rather puts you in the scene and makes you feel like your next to the characters

Transitions

transitions are a way to juxtapose a scene or shots. most of the time they use strait cuts to the next scene.sometimes certain transitions are used to suggest a tone or mood or the passing of time or a different part of the same story, the transitions that may suggest some of those things are dissolves ,l cuts and fades.

an example a film that used transitions is this

as you see they use more then one transition in this clip. you see 5:40 seconds in it uses a cut transition . this is to show the deference between the first scene and the one after that. the other transition that they use is a fade this is 6:42 in the clip , this is to show a passing of time as you see it nearing night and then after the transition its midday.

Montage

A montage is a technique which uses a series of shots usual short and edited together in a way which it compacts time space and information. in recent times it is used to show a time passing . an example of a film which used a montage in this way was rocky

as you see the montage is used hear to show the rise of the protagonist and showing him getting stronger and better , this technique of montage in this clip is used in a way to excite the audience as they see the change of the person.

180% Rule

the 180 rule is one of the fundamental rule in cinematography.

its once you have established scene the rule is you have to keep the camera on one side of the action for example if we have two people talking just think of an imaginary line between them and having the camera on one side you. this would mean you can establish that one person is on the right and one is on the left , but if you had cameras on both side of the action it would look like the character are looking in the same direction while talking to each other which would confuse the audience. its used to maintain a screen direction.

as you see through out the arguments the camera was only moving with in the semi circle. this keeps edie on the left and v on the right and you don't see any change through out it.

Shot reverse shot

Shot reverse shot is a form of editing an interaction between two characters or more character , it is used when one character A is looking at another character B who is normally off screen . then you see the second character B looking back at the first character who is now off screen and because you see each character facing the opposite direction to the viewer it looks like they are looking at each other . shot reverse shot is incorporated with in the style of continuity editing as it is an example of an eye line match. an example of shot reverse shot is the clip below

as you see the two character and you can see the person in shot is the person who is talking and the whole conversion is done by shot reverse shot , you can see they keep the eye line the same in ever shot to show where the other person is sitting.

Cutaway

a cutaway is a shot that interrupts the main action . its either things that are happing at the same time as the main action like (an example from wiki) if the main shot is of a man walking down an alley , the cut way could be a shot of a cat on a nearby bin or a homeless person sleeping in the alleyway.cutaways don't have to create dramatic question just as long as they relate to the main action, for example if you see the clip bellow

you can see in this documentary the editor has used cutaways of the girls laying down and getting a tan, it relates to the main point because its the girls that work as sex workers in the cutaway its not random. they used the cutaway of the girls laying down to show how ordinary these girls are even though they are doing a job which is extra ordinary.

A sequence of 10

Ms Brenner Walked very briskly in a real hurry to get to the door, in no time she reaches the door her hands reaching out fisted to knock. She thinks “why isn’t this darn man answering the door”, she starts to look through the window. She is surprised and doesn’t know what is going on. She thinks “o that man what could he be doing “. Determined to find out where he is Ms Brenner walks in to the house with her mind running wild “he could have had a fall” “what if he got robbed” with her heart pumping she stars to walk to the bedroom. Her palms sweating she notices how quite the house is. She stops the door open she can see something

Development of edit

Editing has changed over the years as film makers had desires of wanting to do more on their films. In the earliest films there wasn’t even editing as they were done with one shot. A great example of film makers that made films like that were the Lumiere Brothers. They were the first to make a film and it was just one shot of all the action. They used the camera to edit in a sense as when it went to the next story it went black and the next shot came on. It was the first of its kind. The lumiere made these films in the 1885.

This then progressed as the audience wanted more from the films and film maker George melles invented the stop trick this was when an object is filmed, then the camera is turned off while the camera is off, the object is moved out of sight of the camera, then the camera is turned back on. When the film is watched it thus seems to the viewer that object disappears. This effect created a fascination of film with the audience. Although this was a new technique it was still the lumieres way of storytelling as it was with one shot.

Then in 1902 George melles made the trip to the moon, this film was the first time that you could see narrative using different scene.

If you watch very carefully you could see he used a fade transition to show time has passed that was a very inventive effect in that time. As you see near the end of the first scene before it finishes he fades it in to a new scene to show they are linked in the narrative.

Editing then moved on from just showing that one scene was connected to another to following the action and following a character a good example of this is the great train robbery

Nearly the whole film you’re following the main 4 characters. One thing that you see is this film that you didn’t in all the others was cutaway. This was when the telegraph operator gets rescued by a young lady. It was the first to attempt parallel cutting as you can see as it cuts from the train robbers to the posse. This cutaway is placed to create a dramatic question.

A better example of parallel cutting is in D.W Griffiths work he was the first film maker who was able to intercut inside a scene.

As you see he uses parallel cutting when you see the two tramps who stole the money and who have the young women with them and her co worker who is trying to catch up with them by train. Suspense is added by cross-cutting as you want to know the outcome at the end.

He was also the first to move the camera along with the action, you can see this when you see a tracking shot of the chase between the train and the push train.

D.W Griffth is known as the creator of continuity editing as you can see from the early work of his you can see he matches action from one shot to another . You can see in the clip bellow.

As you see a 1min in the film you see the man with the hat opening a door on the exterior and then cutting in to the interior and see him coming in. this made it easier to connect two separate locations.

In the time of griffth , melles and the Lumieres they were using real film to film their stuff so they were editing by cutting and pasting together pieces of film, using a splicer and threading the film on a machine.

Years and years later in 1920 TV was commercially available and they had a different way of editing as they used to use 3 cameras to film and they edit between them. The earliest program they used to edit that way with was The Queen's Messenger

As you see they used two cameras in this one, you see one had a wide shot and one had a medium close up. They were still editing film the same way that griffth , melles did.

Then came video tapes in the 1940s which meant they were using liner editing which means the videos has to be fast forward and then rewound on two tape decks and two tapes when editing it. One tape is the source tape which has all the footage which is filmed and the other is a blank tape on which you selectively copy footage from the first tape on to. The idea is to record only those parts of the source tape you want to keep. In this way desired footage is copied in the correct order from the original tape to a new tape. The new tape becomes the edited version. it’s called linear because you have to start with the first shot and work through to the last shot. The draw backs to linear edit is that if at any time the editor make makes a mistakes or changes his mind it’s impossible to go back and change it so you would have to start new with a new tape.

As technology leaped and got better the invention of non liner editing came about. This was because of the creation of computers in the early 20th centre. No linear meant video footage is recorded (captured) onto a computer hard drive and then edited using specialized software. Once the editing is complete, the finished product is recorded back to tape or optical disk. The great advantage of non linear editing was how flexible it was it allowed you to make changes to any part of the video at any time. That is why it was called non linear because it was the opposite to linear.

Although that was a leap from linear editing there was still more to change. This is why they were a big leap when digital non liner editing came to be. This is because of the invention of personal computers; they were compact and had software which meant you can do some much more with videos.

An example of something which only came to be because of computers and the new software was cg1

As you can see in star wars it was used very heavily and without the inventions of computers this type of editing would have not been possible

motivated edit

A motivated edit is an edit which is motivated by what you see or hear. it breaks the illusion of continuity. When there is a reason for a different shot, a motivated cut is the least disruptive. When an actor looks to one side in a dramatic scene, it cuts to whatever the actor is supposed to be seeing. When someone is talking about something, viewers expect to see it.

as you see when the car screeches you see it cuts from the shot in the car to a shot of the wheel screeching and smoke coming out.this gives a visual representation of the noise to the audience .

Parallel editing

Parallel editing is an editing technique that allows two or more concurrent sets of action to unfold within a single film sequence. Film makers use this to show multiple points of view and create dramatic irony when the characters are unaware of events unfolding away from the main action. this was created by D.W Griffith you can see it it in his work.

As you can see 3:27 sec in is when the parallel editing starts ,you see two people coming out of the train and they are the secondary story as the first is the women and the man working inside the station this creates tension as you don't know why they are hiding.

he was also the first to free the camera use parallel editing whiles the camera was moving as you can see 12 minutes in the film you see it cut back and forth from the two moving trains he was the first to create more tension in chase sequences by using this technique

continuity editing

HEY ALL!!!!

Today's blog is all about continuity editing was was first created by d.w griffiths

continuity editing is arranging the sequence of shots to suggest progression of event and time.An editor matches actions and position and dialog to create continuity amongst the sequences .its one of the techniques which goes unnoticed continuity editing aims to present a seem so that the edit goes unnoticed. this is to keep the audience thinking that time is continuance through out the film.

As you see the scene starts with ron sitting down and and harry is behind him, you then see him get up with a wide shot and you see harry is going to the bed and ron follows, the reason why i think its a good example of continuity is because the edits are seamless and flows in real time.you can see how the scene progresses.